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Some Basic Concepts of Fiber Optic Loss Testing
When testing loss in a fiber optic link, some basic principles must be kept in mind all the time.
1. The testing wavelength should always be the same as the working wavelength. Because optical fiber loss varies with light wavelength, you will get incorrect result if your measuring wavelength is different from the actual working wavelength. For example, if a system is designed for 1550nm but you test it with 1310nm light source and power meter, the result will not be correct.
2. The testing light source should be the same as the intended working lightwave equipment light source. If the system is designed for a LED source, you should test it with a LED source. If the system is designed for multimode laser light, you should use a multimode laser light source for testing. This is also true for single mode laser light source.
Fiber optic equipment used in a loss testing
In a basic loss testing setup, four types of test equipment are needed. They are the light source, the power meter, the reference patch cables and the adapter (mating sleeve).
Here are some considerations when choosing your equipment.
The light source should have the same wavelength as the operating equipment, proper mode (multimode or single mode, should be same as the operating equipment), type (LED or laser, same as the operating equipment) and proper connector.
The power meter should have the same wavelength as the light source, proper connector and calibrated.
The reference patch cables should be high quality with know loss, proper connectors and be the same type as the fiber plant being tested.
The adapter (mating sleeve) should be with high quality ceramic sleeves and be proper type (FC, SC, LC, etc).
Understanding dB (decibel) in fiber optic loss testing
As in any power measurement, fiber optic light power measurement unit can be expressed in milliwatt (mW), but a more convenient unit is dB(decibel).
Decibel (dB) is most often used in electronics testing. It is the ratio between two levels. One level is the input and the other level is the output. The ratio is calculated in logarithmic as explained below.
For power measurement, dB is defined as: dB = 10 x log(output power/input power)
So for example, after a fiber link, the output light power level becomes 50% of its input, the loss of the link will be 10log(0.5)= -3 dB.
Since dB is actually a ratio, it has no absolute units. So from above measurement sample, we have no idea of the actual power, may it be 0.1 mW or 1 mW.
That is why we have another unit dBm. It is the ratio of the measured power to 1mW of reference power. It is defined as: dBm = 10xlog(measured power/1mW)
So for example, a 0.1mW light power expressed in dBm will be 10xlog(0.1mW/1mW)=-10 dBm.
From above we know that dBm is a absolute unit, we know exactly how many mW it is.
For fiber optic loss testing, decibel is the most often used unit since it is much easier to work with. Why? Because two dB values can be simply added or subtracted. For example, a total fiber link may have three sections, each has loss of 0.5dB, 5dB and 0.5dB. The total loss can then be easily concluded as 0.5dB + 5dB + 0.5dB = 6 dB. You can try to convert it to actual milliwatt and you will see that I am right!
About the Author
Colin Yao is an expert on fiber optic communication technologies and products. Learn more about
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Attain the Entire Things of Fiber Optic Communication
Compared to many other ways of communication used today, fiber optic communication is somewhat new. The use of advanced technology is common in fiber optic communication. The basic concept behind fiber optic communication is transmitting a pulse of light from the transmitter to the receiver at the other end.
Though many have contributed in bringing fiber optic communication to its present level, individuals like Harold Hopkins, Van Heel and John McChensy are those who have played a significant role in the improvement and commercialization of this product . Fiber optic communication has numerous superior qualities when compared to ‘copper wire communication’ of the past but still fiber optic communication systems remain expensive to install and operate though many are of the opinion that it the cost of using this particular method has come down especially after the end of year 2000.
Fiber optic communications is used in many forms of needs today. Networking, communication related to the medical sector, telecommunication and even data communication are few such cases. Mainly used in data transmission in longer distances in the same country, this refreshing new technology hasn’t yet taken its expected phase in growth.
Much credit is given to fiber optic communication as the catalyst which brought about the dawn of the all-important ‘information age’ .Though this might be a disputable fact, this clearly shows the importance and the tremendous value placed on this concept.
In the process of fiber optic communication these fiber optic cables play a huge role. It is hard to look at a flimsy transparent cable and believe the tasks it is capable of. These cables are used in innumerable ways in various sectors from operation theatres to enhance the décor in houses. In this modern hi-tech world the uses and the demand for the fiber optic communication is comparatively high.
To reach the developing world and some of the information technology wise un developed countries this technology of optic fibers has yet to take off. However if those firms who involved in the production of this product are capable of promoting and spreading fiber optic communication all over the world, communication around the globe could be made more speedier, more reliable and more efficient. The future is bound to hold its mysteries and surprises. However considering how things have gone so far, it would not be a bad guess to suspect that networking in future will merely be done by fiber optics only.
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